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Figures of the Article
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Typical morphologies of Li2O2: (a) disc; (b) sheet; (c) toroid; (d) film. (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [2]. Copyright 2013, Springer Nature Limited. (c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [3]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (d) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [4]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (e) The evolution of toroidal Li2O2 morphologies with discharge capacity. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [5]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. (f) The effect of current density on Li2O2 particles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [6]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.
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Reaction pathways and growth models of Li2O2. Schematic illustration of (a) the dual pathway (solution and surface pathways) and (b) the single solution pathway controlling Li2O2 formation. (a) Reprinted with permissions from Ref. [12]. Copyright 2014, Springer Nature Limited. (b) Reprinted with permissions from Ref. [20]. Copyright 2022, The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. (c) Li2O2 formation rate and O2− concentration versus normal distance from the electrode surface via (b): Fast association (high k2, dark blue curve) causes fast Li2O2 formation close to the surface, steep O2− concentration gradients, high near-surface nucleation rates and a large number of small particles. Slow association (low k2, light blue curve) results in few, larger particles up to larger distances. Reprinted with permissions from Ref. [20]. Copyright 2022, The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. (d) Irregular and surface-dependent particles on the end face and inside the channels of the C-AAO electrode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. The growth evolution of Li2O2 is proposed via different reaction pathways: (e) two consecutive stages of a toroidal and (f) its layer-by-layer growth model by the solution pathway; (g) the growth of Li2O2 nanowires (NWs) toward the <0001> direction by the surface pathway. (e) Reprinted with permissions from Ref. [24]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (f) Reprinted with permissions from Ref. [23]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. (g) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [25]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (h) The possible growth process of half-toroids via a dynamic coupling mechanism.
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