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Open AccessOpen Access JUSTC Astronomy 12 October 2024

How is a black hole created from nothing?

  • Department of Physics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China

Cite this:
https://doi.org/10.52396/JUSTC-2024-0010
More Information
  • Author Bio:

    Zhongchao Wu is currently a retired Professor. He received his Ph.D. degree in Physics from Cambridge University in 1984 under the supervision of Prof. Stephen Hawking, and his doctoral thesis was titled “Cosmological models and the inflationary universe”. His research mainly focuses on cosmology

  • Corresponding author: E-mail: zcwu2007@yahoo.com
  • Received Date: 29 January 2024
  • Accepted Date: 12 March 2024
    • Available Online: 12 October 2024
    Abstract

  • Abstract

    Using the synchronous coordinates, the creation of a Schwarzschild black hole immersed in a de Sitter spacetime can be viewed as a coherent creation of a collection of timelike geodesics. The previously supposed conical singularities do not exist at the horizons of the constrained instanton. Instead, the unavoidable irregularity is presented as a non-vanishing second fundamental form elsewhere at the quantum transition 3-surface. The same arguments can be applied to charged, topological, or higher dimensional black hole cases.

    Graphical abstract

    Schematic diagram of a black hole creation. The spherical symmetry of space is simplified to circumferential symmetry around the central axis here.

    Abstract

    Using the synchronous coordinates, the creation of a Schwarzschild black hole immersed in a de Sitter spacetime can be viewed as a coherent creation of a collection of timelike geodesics. The previously supposed conical singularities do not exist at the horizons of the constrained instanton. Instead, the unavoidable irregularity is presented as a non-vanishing second fundamental form elsewhere at the quantum transition 3-surface. The same arguments can be applied to charged, topological, or higher dimensional black hole cases.

    • Public Summary

    • Using the synchronous coordinates, the creation of a Schwarzschild black hole immersed in a de Sitter spacetime can be viewed as a coherent creation of a collection of timelike geodesics.
    • The previously supposed conical singularities do not exist at the horizons of the constrained instanton. Instead, the unavoidable irregularity is presented as a non-vanishing second fundamental form elsewhere at the quantum transition 3-surface.

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    • References(16)
  • [1]
    Hawking S W. The boundary conditions of the universe. In: Bruck H A, Coyne G V, Longair M S, et al., editors. Astrophysical Cosmology. Proceedings on Cosmology and Fundamental Physics. Vatican: The Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1982 : 563–574.
    [2]
    Hartle J B, Hawking S W. Wave function of the universe. Physical Review D, 1983, 28: 2960. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.28.2960
    [3]
    Gibbons G W, Hawking S W. Cosmological event horizons, thermodynamics, and particle creation. Physical Review D, 1977, 15: 2738. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.15.2738
    [4]
    Gibbons G W, Hawking S W. Action integrals and partition functions in quantum gravity. Physical Review D, 1977, 15: 2752. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.15.2752
    [5]
    Wu Z C. Entropy of a black hole with distinct surface gravities. General Relativity and Gravitation, 2000, 32: 1823–1833. doi: 10.1023/A:1001984731021
    [6]
    Bousso R, Hawking S W. Probability for primordial black holes. Physical Review D, 1995, 52: 5659. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.52.5659
    [7]
    Wu Z C. Quantum creation of a black hole. International Journal of Modern Physics D, 1997, 6: 199–210. doi: 10.1142/s0218271897000121
    [8]
    Bousso R, Hawking S W. Lorentzian condition in quantum gravity. Physical Review D, 1999, 59: 103501. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.59.103501
    [9]
    Wu Z C. Creation of closed or open universe from constrained instanton. General Relativity and Gravitation, 1998, 30: 1639–1643. doi: 10.1023/A:1026668322706
    [10]
    Misner C W, Thorne K S, Wheeler J A. Gravitation. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, 1973 .
    [11]
    Teitelboim C. Action and entropy of extreme and nonextreme black holes. Physical Review D, 1995, 51: 4315. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.51.4315
    [12]
    Wu Z C. Wave function of a black hole. In: Ruffini R, editor. Proceeding of the Fourth Marcel Grossman Meeting on General Relativity. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1986 : 1203–1210.
    [13]
    Hawking S W, Ross S F. Duality between electric and magnetic black holes. Physical Review D, 1995, 52: 5865. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.52.5865
    [14]
    Mann R B, Ross S F. Cosmological production of charged black hole pairs. Physical Review D, 1995, 52: 2254. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.52.2254
    [15]
    Dias Ó J C, Lemos J P S. Pair creation of higher dimensional black holes on a de Sitter background. Physical Review D, 2004, 70: 124023. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.70.124023
    [16]
    Myers R C. Myers-Perry black holes. In: Horowitz G T, editor. Black Holes in Higher Dimensions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012: 101–133.
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    [1]
    Hawking S W. The boundary conditions of the universe. In: Bruck H A, Coyne G V, Longair M S, et al., editors. Astrophysical Cosmology. Proceedings on Cosmology and Fundamental Physics. Vatican: The Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1982 : 563–574.
    [2]
    Hartle J B, Hawking S W. Wave function of the universe. Physical Review D, 1983, 28: 2960. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.28.2960
    [3]
    Gibbons G W, Hawking S W. Cosmological event horizons, thermodynamics, and particle creation. Physical Review D, 1977, 15: 2738. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.15.2738
    [4]
    Gibbons G W, Hawking S W. Action integrals and partition functions in quantum gravity. Physical Review D, 1977, 15: 2752. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.15.2752
    [5]
    Wu Z C. Entropy of a black hole with distinct surface gravities. General Relativity and Gravitation, 2000, 32: 1823–1833. doi: 10.1023/A:1001984731021
    [6]
    Bousso R, Hawking S W. Probability for primordial black holes. Physical Review D, 1995, 52: 5659. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.52.5659
    [7]
    Wu Z C. Quantum creation of a black hole. International Journal of Modern Physics D, 1997, 6: 199–210. doi: 10.1142/s0218271897000121
    [8]
    Bousso R, Hawking S W. Lorentzian condition in quantum gravity. Physical Review D, 1999, 59: 103501. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.59.103501
    [9]
    Wu Z C. Creation of closed or open universe from constrained instanton. General Relativity and Gravitation, 1998, 30: 1639–1643. doi: 10.1023/A:1026668322706
    [10]
    Misner C W, Thorne K S, Wheeler J A. Gravitation. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, 1973 .
    [11]
    Teitelboim C. Action and entropy of extreme and nonextreme black holes. Physical Review D, 1995, 51: 4315. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.51.4315
    [12]
    Wu Z C. Wave function of a black hole. In: Ruffini R, editor. Proceeding of the Fourth Marcel Grossman Meeting on General Relativity. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1986 : 1203–1210.
    [13]
    Hawking S W, Ross S F. Duality between electric and magnetic black holes. Physical Review D, 1995, 52: 5865. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.52.5865
    [14]
    Mann R B, Ross S F. Cosmological production of charged black hole pairs. Physical Review D, 1995, 52: 2254. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.52.2254
    [15]
    Dias Ó J C, Lemos J P S. Pair creation of higher dimensional black holes on a de Sitter background. Physical Review D, 2004, 70: 124023. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.70.124023
    [16]
    Myers R C. Myers-Perry black holes. In: Horowitz G T, editor. Black Holes in Higher Dimensions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012: 101–133.
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