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Higher-order mode analysis for SOLEIL-type superconducting cavity

  • National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China

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https://doi.org/10.52396/JUSTC-2023-0150
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  • Author Bio:

    Xiyuan Chai is currently a graduate student at the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, under the supervision of Associate Professor Cong-Feng Wu and Professor Duohui He. His research mainly focuses on superconducting radio frequency cavities for accelerators

    Cong-Feng Wu is currently an Associate Professor at National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China. She received her Ph.D. degree from Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Plasma Physics in 1999. Her research mainly focuses on superconducting radio frequency cavity system, microwave accelerating structure, and radio frequency plasma application

  • Corresponding author: E-mail: cfwu@ustc.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 20 October 2023
  • Accepted Date: 31 January 2024
    Abstract

  • Abstract

    A 499.8 MHz SOLEIL-type superconducting cavity was simulated and designed for the first time in this paper. The higher-order mode (HOM) properties of the cavity were investigated. Two kinds of coaxial HOM couplers were designed. Using 4 L-type and 4 T-type HOM couplers, the longitudinal impedance was suppressed to 3 kΩ, and the transverse impedance below 30 kΩ/m. The HOM damping requirements of Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) were satisfied. This paper conducts an in-depth study on the radio frequency (RF) design, multipacting optimization, and thermal analysis of these coaxial couplers. Simulation results indicated that under operating acceleration voltage, the optimized couplers does not exhibit multiplicating or thermal breakdown phenomena. The cavity has the potential to reach a higher acceleration gradient.

    Graphical abstract

    Abstract

    A 499.8 MHz SOLEIL-type superconducting cavity was simulated and designed for the first time in this paper. The higher-order mode (HOM) properties of the cavity were investigated. Two kinds of coaxial HOM couplers were designed. Using 4 L-type and 4 T-type HOM couplers, the longitudinal impedance was suppressed to 3 kΩ, and the transverse impedance below 30 kΩ/m. The HOM damping requirements of Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) were satisfied. This paper conducts an in-depth study on the radio frequency (RF) design, multipacting optimization, and thermal analysis of these coaxial couplers. Simulation results indicated that under operating acceleration voltage, the optimized couplers does not exhibit multiplicating or thermal breakdown phenomena. The cavity has the potential to reach a higher acceleration gradient.

    • Public Summary

    • The 499.8 MHz SOLEIL-type superconducting cavity and its higher-order mode (HOM) couplers were designed for the first time in this paper.
    • The HOM damping requirements of Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) were satisfied for both longitudinal and transversive impedances, and the effect of asymmetry on transversive impedance was observed.
    • HOM couplers were analyzed and optimized for radio frequency transmission, multipacting, and thermal calculations. No thermal breakdown is induced until the multipacting effect occurs.

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    • References(18)
  • [1]
    Padamsee H. 50 years of success for SRF accelerators—a review. Superconductor Science and Technology, 2017, 30: 053003. doi: 10.1088/1361-6668/aa6376
    [2]
    Padamsee H, Knobloch J, Hays T, et al. RF superconductivity for accelerators. Physics Today, 1999, 52: 54. doi: 10.1063/1.882759
    [3]
    Mosnier A, Chel S, Hanus X, et al. Design of a heavily damped superconducting cavity for SOLEIL. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Particle Accelerator Conference (Cat. No. 97CH36167). Vancouver, BC, Canada: IEEE, 1997 : 1709–1711.
    [4]
    Marchand P, Baete J P, Cuoq R, et al. Operational experience with the SOLEIL superconducting RF system. In: 16th International Conference on Radio-Frequency Superconductivity, 2013 , MOP064: 269–273.
    [5]
    Nadolski L S, Abeillé G, Abiven Y -M, et al. SOLEIL status report. In: 9th International Particle Accelerator Conferience, 2018 , THPMK092: 4516–4519.
    [6]
    Furuya T, Asano K, Ishi Y, et al. Superconducting accelerating cavity for KEK B-factory. In: Proceedings of the 1995 Workshop on RF Superconductivity. Gif-sur-Yvette, France: JACoW Publishing, 1995 : 729–733.
    [7]
    Huang T, Pan W, Wang G, et al. The development of the 499.8MHz superconducting cavity system for BEPCII. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2021, 1013: 165649. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2021.165649
    [8]
    Wu C F, Tang Y, Tan M, et al. Research of the 499.8 MHz superconducting cavity system for HALF. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2023, 1050: 168176. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2023.168176
    [9]
    Marhauser F. Next generation HOM-damping. Superconductor Science and Technology, 2017, 30: 063002. doi: 10.1088/1361-6668/aa6b8d
    [10]
    Craievich P, Bosland P, Chel S, et al. HOM couplers design for the SUPER-3HC cavity. In: PACS2001. Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference (Cat. No. 01CH37268). Chicago, IL, USA: IEEE, 2001 : 1134–1136.
    [11]
    Rimmer R A, Byrd J M, Li D. Comparison of calculated, measured, and beam sampled impedances of a higher-order-mode-damped rf cavity. Physical Review Special Topics Accelerators and Beams, 2000, 3: 102001. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.3.102001
    [12]
    Rimmer R A. Higher-order mode calculations, predictions and overview of damping schemes for energy recovering linacs. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2006, 557: 259–267. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.080
    [13]
    Haebel E. Couplers for cavities. In: CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Superconductivity in Particle Accelerators, 1996: 231–264. doi: 10.5170/CERN-1996-003
    [14]
    Sekutowicz J. Higher order mode coupler for TESLA. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on RF Superconductivity, Virginia, USA: CEBAF, Newport News, 1993 , 426–439.
    [15]
    Papke K, Gerigk F, van Rienen U. Comparison of coaxial higher order mode couplers for the CERN Superconducting Proton Linac study. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, 2017, 20: 060401. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.20.060401
    [16]
    Romanov G, Berrutti P, Khabiboulline T. Simulation of multipacting in SC low beta cavities at FNAL. In: 6th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Richmond, VA, USA: JACoW Publishing, 2015 : 579–581.
    [17]
    Merio M. Material Properties for Engineering Analysis of SRF Cavities. Batavia, Illinois, USA: FermiLab, 2011 , Fermilab Specification 5500.000-ES-371110.
    [18]
    Yu H, Liu J, Hou H, et al. Simulation of higher order modes and loss factor of a new type of 500-MHz single cell superconducting cavity at SSRF. Nuclear Science and Techniques, 2011, 22(5): 257–260. doi: 10.13538/j.1001-8042/nst.22.257-260
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    Figure  1.  499.8 MHz SOLEIL-type superconducting cavity.

    Figure  2.  Wake impedance calculation results for a bare 499.8 MHz SOLEIL-type superconducting cavity: (a) longitudinal and (b) transverse

    Figure  3.  HOMs magnetic field distribution, (a) TE112 distribution, (b) TM015 distribution.

    Figure  4.  Cavity model with the coupling hooks, (a) the hooks, (b) the port setting.

    Figure  5.  Wake impedance of the optimized model: (a) longitudinal and (b) transverse.

    Figure  6.  Equivalent circuits and the optimized modal, (a) L-type coupler, (b) T-type coupler.

    Figure  7.  Beampipe-coupler models and S21 results for the (a) L-type coupler and (b) T-type coupler.

    Figure  8.  Electromagnetic field model, (a) cavity model with couplers, (b) fundamental mode electric field.

    Figure  9.  MP analysis model and true SEY used: (a) model and (b) SEY curve

    Figure  10.  MP analysis for T-type couplers: (a) particle source area, (b) particle monitoring where MPs occurred, and (c) <SEY> results.

    Figure  11.  MP analysis for L-type couplers: (a) particle source area, (b) particle monitoring where MPs occurred, and (c) <SEY> results

    Figure  12.  The cavity model and its impedances: (a) model with 4 T-type and 2 L-type couplers, (b) longitudinal impedance, (c) transverse impedance

    Figure  13.  The cavity model and its impedances: (a) model with 4 T-type and 4 L-type couplers, (b) longitudinal impedance, (c) transverse impedance

    Figure  14.  Thermal analysis: (a) boundary conditions, (b) temperature distribution under a 10 MV/m acceleration gradient, and (c) temperature distribution under a 3 MV/m acceleration gradient and 2 kW HOM power

    [1]
    Padamsee H. 50 years of success for SRF accelerators—a review. Superconductor Science and Technology, 2017, 30: 053003. doi: 10.1088/1361-6668/aa6376
    [2]
    Padamsee H, Knobloch J, Hays T, et al. RF superconductivity for accelerators. Physics Today, 1999, 52: 54. doi: 10.1063/1.882759
    [3]
    Mosnier A, Chel S, Hanus X, et al. Design of a heavily damped superconducting cavity for SOLEIL. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Particle Accelerator Conference (Cat. No. 97CH36167). Vancouver, BC, Canada: IEEE, 1997 : 1709–1711.
    [4]
    Marchand P, Baete J P, Cuoq R, et al. Operational experience with the SOLEIL superconducting RF system. In: 16th International Conference on Radio-Frequency Superconductivity, 2013 , MOP064: 269–273.
    [5]
    Nadolski L S, Abeillé G, Abiven Y -M, et al. SOLEIL status report. In: 9th International Particle Accelerator Conferience, 2018 , THPMK092: 4516–4519.
    [6]
    Furuya T, Asano K, Ishi Y, et al. Superconducting accelerating cavity for KEK B-factory. In: Proceedings of the 1995 Workshop on RF Superconductivity. Gif-sur-Yvette, France: JACoW Publishing, 1995 : 729–733.
    [7]
    Huang T, Pan W, Wang G, et al. The development of the 499.8MHz superconducting cavity system for BEPCII. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2021, 1013: 165649. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2021.165649
    [8]
    Wu C F, Tang Y, Tan M, et al. Research of the 499.8 MHz superconducting cavity system for HALF. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2023, 1050: 168176. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2023.168176
    [9]
    Marhauser F. Next generation HOM-damping. Superconductor Science and Technology, 2017, 30: 063002. doi: 10.1088/1361-6668/aa6b8d
    [10]
    Craievich P, Bosland P, Chel S, et al. HOM couplers design for the SUPER-3HC cavity. In: PACS2001. Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference (Cat. No. 01CH37268). Chicago, IL, USA: IEEE, 2001 : 1134–1136.
    [11]
    Rimmer R A, Byrd J M, Li D. Comparison of calculated, measured, and beam sampled impedances of a higher-order-mode-damped rf cavity. Physical Review Special Topics Accelerators and Beams, 2000, 3: 102001. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.3.102001
    [12]
    Rimmer R A. Higher-order mode calculations, predictions and overview of damping schemes for energy recovering linacs. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2006, 557: 259–267. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.080
    [13]
    Haebel E. Couplers for cavities. In: CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Superconductivity in Particle Accelerators, 1996: 231–264. doi: 10.5170/CERN-1996-003
    [14]
    Sekutowicz J. Higher order mode coupler for TESLA. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on RF Superconductivity, Virginia, USA: CEBAF, Newport News, 1993 , 426–439.
    [15]
    Papke K, Gerigk F, van Rienen U. Comparison of coaxial higher order mode couplers for the CERN Superconducting Proton Linac study. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, 2017, 20: 060401. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.20.060401
    [16]
    Romanov G, Berrutti P, Khabiboulline T. Simulation of multipacting in SC low beta cavities at FNAL. In: 6th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Richmond, VA, USA: JACoW Publishing, 2015 : 579–581.
    [17]
    Merio M. Material Properties for Engineering Analysis of SRF Cavities. Batavia, Illinois, USA: FermiLab, 2011 , Fermilab Specification 5500.000-ES-371110.
    [18]
    Yu H, Liu J, Hou H, et al. Simulation of higher order modes and loss factor of a new type of 500-MHz single cell superconducting cavity at SSRF. Nuclear Science and Techniques, 2011, 22(5): 257–260. doi: 10.13538/j.1001-8042/nst.22.257-260
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